地球半径约为多少千米,全面探索地球半径约为多少千米的科学意义 | 28百科知识网-pg麻将胡了模拟器

2024-01-1923:23:58综合百科0

以下所述的计算方法来源于2000多年前,初中生可以轻松阅读,所需的知识最复杂的也只是相似三角形和三角函数,这些都是中考的热点知识哦!下面的内容将转变一下,与大家谈谈文化自信的问题。

1522年,麦哲伦完成了环球航行,证明了我们脚下的大地是曲面;1687年,牛顿发现了万有引力,才解释了为什么南半球的人不会“掉”下去,这让更多的人开始认同地球是个“球”。在这之前,大部分人都是从直观经验上认为地面是平的,甚至直到今天,美国仍有一些人坚持“地平说”。

在中国古代,对天地的认识主要有三种流派。

盖天说和宣夜说都认为天圆地平,区别在于它们对日月星辰的位置和运行所持的观点有所不同。

宣夜说主张“日月众星,自然浮生于虚空之中,其行其止,皆须气焉”。这一观点主要来源于《庄子 逍遥游》。

东汉科学家张衡提出的“浑天说”如下图所示

对这种解释有疑问吗?的确存在自相矛盾的地方,如果大地是一个球,那怎么可能存在地平面呢?可能是古汉语中的微言大义,也可能是解释者故意断章取义。我看下面的图是张衡先生的真意。

关于地球是个球这一概念最初是在公元前五、六世纪由古希腊哲学家毕达哥拉斯(前570
- 前490)提出的。不过他的这种信仰仅仅是因为他认为圆球是所有几何形状中最完美的,而并非是根据任何客观事实得出的结论。之后,
亚里士多德(前384 - 前322)给出了三个理由:

1、观测海船。当一艘船向远处航行时,船身先沉入地平线以下,然后才是桅杆,而当一艘船从远方驶来时,桅杆会先露出来,然后才是船身。只有在地球是圆形的情况下才能出现这种现象。

2、观测星空。向北走时,北极星的位置越高,地平线附近会出现新的星星;相反向南走,北极星位置就越低,一些本来比北极星更低的星星会消失。如果地面是平的,就无法解释这种现象。

第三是“月食”,发生月食的原因是太阳照射地球形成了长长的影子,当月球走进这个阴影里就会发生月食。古希腊哲学家亚里士多德在观察月食时发现,月球表面的阴影是圆的,这表明地球的影子是圆形的,这一发现证明了地球的球形。

接下来,我们来看看古代人是如何计算地球的半径的。

最早记录地球半径的是公元前三世纪希腊科学家eratosthenes(公元前276年~公元前194年),也被称为埃拉托色尼。据说,eratosthenes用一根木棍就测量出了地球的周长和计算出了地球的半径。除此之外,他还是一位博学多才的学者,通晓天文、地理、历史和语言学等多个领域。他曾担任过亚历山大市图书馆的管理员。

eratosthenes在赛伊尼(今天的埃及阿斯旺附近)发现了一口井,在夏至日时,太阳直射井底。而在距离赛伊尼800km以外的亚历山大城地面上,一座尖塔有一段很短的影子。eratosthenes认为这是因为亚历山大城的阳光与直立物体形成的夹角所造成的。他根据这个夹角计算出了地球的周长和半径。

老埃仅用一根木棍就能测出了地球的半径。

熟悉中学几何的人都能看出发生了什么。他利用太阳光的平行性,测出了地球的半径。

eratosthenes通过测量两个地方之间太阳光的夹角和距离,简单地利用了几何原理得到了地球的半径。

可见,eratosthenes的测量方法并不像历史书上说的只用了一根木棍那么简单。

接下来,我给出一个真的仅仅使用一个工具就能测出地球半径的方法。

一个工具:秒表

步骤一:在海边沙滩或者山顶平地上看到清晨的第一缕曙光,按下秒表开始计时。

步骤二:面向东方躺平。

步骤三:阳光再次入眼按停秒表。

步骤四:计算。

神奇吧!

请看下图

设时间间隔为t秒,站立和平躺时眼睛的高度差为h,根据我的身高估计 h ≈ 1.7 m

如果秒表显示的间隔时间在10到11秒之间,就可以得到一个相对误差不大的地球半径。

唐朝时期的僧人通过测量两个不同地点的北极星角,计算出了子午线的长度。这个方法提醒了我,下面我提出方法三,使用两根木棍和直尺就可以测出地球半径。

这个方法需要用到反三角函数,初中生可能会觉得有些困难。

如果有量角器,或者恰好是特殊角,就不必使用反三角函数。

好了,烧脑的数学计算到此为止了,下面是可能更烧脑的翻转情节。事关文化自信,请坚持看完。

可能细心的同学发现,在本文中出生最早,得出结论最接近现代地球知识的人是东汉时期的张衡(约78年至139年),比大牛老埃(公元前276—公元前194)晚出生了356年,比西方圣贤亚里士多德(前384至前322)晚出生了470多年。好像再一次验证了西方文明比我国强大。但请继续往下听。

先说学霸老埃同学吧,刚才所讲的故事仔细推敲,太过巧合,像是被美丽国或帅气国修过的伪历史!

疑点一:请看下面的埃及地图,两个蓝色圆点的位置就是亚历山大港和塞伊城附近的阿斯旺,两地的800千米路程到底是怎样测量出来的?上图绿色部分是尼罗河谷地,周围黄色部分是人迹罕至的热带沙漠,两千多年前的古埃及人只能用脚步沿尼罗河谷地弯弯曲曲地丈量路程。这个误差和直线距离应该会比较大,怎么会恰好是整数800千米?

疑惑点二:about the 800-kilometer arc length used by the old egyptians, it is not calculated from the measurements obtained by themselves, but it is a hearsay distance from the merchants. the raw data is 5000 greek stadia, accurate to the thousand. "stadia" is the ancient greek unit of length, and its length varies from place to place. according to baidu's conversion system, if calculated according to the length of athens, 1 stadia equals 185 meters, while if calculated according to the length of egypt, 1 stadia equals 157.5 meters. how can 5000 stadia accurate to the thousand be obtained into 800 kilometers?

疑惑点三:the latitude of alexandria is 31 degrees 12 minutes, and i cannot find the latitude of sai'e city on baidu, but the latitude should be less than the tropic of cancer's 23 degrees 30 minutes for the sun to be directly overhead. the difference in latitude between the two places, the sun's altitude at sai'e city should be greater than 7 degrees 42 minutes, which is more than 7.7 degrees. how could the old egyptians measure 7.2 degrees? did the old egyptians not provide the original data for the height of the structure and the length of the shadow because they wanted to make it an integer multiple of 50 and exactly divisible by 360 degrees?

疑点四:from the map above, it is obvious that the two cities are not located on the same longitude, so the arc passing through these two cities is not a part of the great circle passing through the center of the earth. how can it be used to calculate the circumference of the earth?

do you still believe that these data were compiled by the student laoyi, the top scholar? i can be certain that this is pseudo-historical made up by the anglo-saxons! it is said that they have fabricated a lot of european history, and i have read few books, which i cannot distinguish, but there are countless examples of their lies in modern times. they have spread misinformation about the origin of the new corona virus, forced labor and ethnic slaughter of cotton in xinjiang. they have gradually erased the decisive role of the soviet red army in world war ii through movies, music, and newspapers, showing concern only for the the german massacre of the jews, and turned a blind eye to the crimes of the japanese, the massacres of the armenians by the turks, the feud of the hui people and the xibe people...

i found another doubt point here: as shown above, life experience tells us that sunlight is scattered, how did laoyi 2000 years ago know that sunlight is parallel light?

supplementary doubt point six: when the old egypt measured the angle between the obelisk and the sunlight, it should be at noon 12:00, how could they measure time accurately without wristwatches, clocks, or stopwatches? china has sundials as timing artifacts, but i've never heard of ancient greece having them?

let's talk about aristotle's three reasons for proving the earth is spherical, which is also a reasoning from the results to the causes, an idol-making movement to attribute the views of later people to those in the past. there are also doubts, and it shows that the idol-making activity was arranged a little roughly.

doubt point one: 待解决

also, we can make a conjecture even if we have not seen a sailboat at the beach. during the era of aristotle 2300 years ago, how tall could a sailboat be? it is said that the largest cargo ship in the world today is 60 meters high on the water. let's just say a sailboat could be 30 meters high. how far can it be seen? let's calculate this with some basic math knowledge, as shown in the figure below.

doubt point two: contrast of the starry sky. to see the changes in the altitude of the north star and the appearance or disappearance of certain constellations, it requires walking a long way on the plains or at sea at night. during the tang dynasty in our country, a group of monks, with the support of the royal resources, traveled thousands of miles across china to measure the changes in the altitude of the north star. does aristotle have external conditions to obtain the data, living in the mountainous region of ancient greece? could the source of the data once again be hearsay from the merchants?

张衡的天文学理论可以完美地解释北极星高度的变化和星座的出现或消失。只要让天球从北向南旋转就能契合观察结果。如下图,地面是平面,天球顺时针旋转。并不一定非要用地球是圆的来解释,用张衡的观点解释还可以避免踩球面上的人站立不稳或者往下掉的坑。

疑点三:我们现在知道,月食的成因是太阳照着地球形成了长长的影子,月球走进这个阴影里就会形成月食。亚里士多德注意到,在月食期间,月球表面的阴影是圆的,地球的影子掠过月球表面,而影子的形状是弯曲的,因此地球是圆的。

但较真起来,仅靠一段弧线就认为地球是圆的证据不太足,因为假如地球是个饼形的圆柱体,以横截面对准太阳时也可以产生圆形的影子。

更为重要的是,在2300多年前,古希腊人怎么知道“月食是由地球的阴影造成的”?不是应该用天狗吃月亮来解释吗?如果不知道,就不能说月食时的影子是地球的;如果知道,却又没有相关可信文献解释。亚里士多德这一观点的形成过程还是一个谜。

我们的文明虽然没有断绝的传承下来,但仍有象竹书纪年,今古尚书等等历史迷雾,怎么能够认为文明断绝了好多次的古希腊,古罗马的历史没有后人的臆想伪作。

近代以来,由于中国落后,对中华文化自卑、不自信,很多人对古希腊罗马两河深信不疑,对中国典籍却质疑颇多。所谓“尽信书不如无书”,质疑、求真本是应有之理,但不能只质疑中国的,而对包括古希腊在内的西方典籍深信不疑。严格科学态度对待所有材料数据是必须的,不能厚此薄彼的双标,古希腊“地球舒张说”的形成与论证过程,地球半径的测量计算,就非常值得质疑。